diff --git a/app/src/main/AndroidManifest.xml b/app/src/main/AndroidManifest.xml
index 07159276..35880baf 100644
--- a/app/src/main/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/app/src/main/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -16,12 +16,14 @@
 
         <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE" />
     <!--
-        location, not dataSync: dataSync foreground services are capped at six hours in any
-        24-hour window and then stopped by the system, which would silently end a beacon meant
-        to run all day. The service reads the station position, falling back to GPS, so location
-        describes what it actually does.
+        dataSync rather than location. The location type is refused outright unless a location
+        runtime permission has already been granted - startForeground throws SecurityException -
+        and this service reads the station position the operator typed into settings, so demanding
+        location access to beacon a fixed QTH is both wrong and a way to fail silently for anyone
+        who declined it. The dataSync six-hour cap that prompted the earlier switch applies only
+        when targetSdk is 35 or higher, which this project does not declare.
     -->
-    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC" />
     <!--
         Doze suspends network access and ignores wake locks even for a foreground service, so a
         coroutine delay wakes up on time and then cannot reach the network. An exact alarm with
@@ -64,6 +66,6 @@
             <service
             android:name="com.rtbishop.look4sat.app.AprsForegroundService"
             android:exported="false"
-            android:foregroundServiceType="location" />
+            android:foregroundServiceType="dataSync" />
     </application>
 </manifest>
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/AprsForegroundService.kt b/app/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/AprsForegroundService.kt
index d9591d96..55e0df8e 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/AprsForegroundService.kt
+++ b/app/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/AprsForegroundService.kt
@@ -152,13 +152,12 @@ class AprsForegroundService : Service() {
         try {
             val notif = buildNotification(cfg)
             if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q) {
-                // Must match the manifest attribute or the platform refuses the call: AOSP checks the
-                // passed type is a subset of the declared one, and location (0x08) does not contain
-                // dataSync (0x01). Changing the manifest without changing this line stopped the
-                // service dead on Android 10 and later - the IllegalArgumentException was caught
-                // below and turned into stopSelf(), so APRS did nothing and reported nothing while
-                // the settings switch stayed on.
-                startForeground(NOTIF_ID, notif, ServiceInfo.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION)
+                // Must match the manifest attribute exactly: AOSP checks the passed type is a
+                // subset of the declared one and throws otherwise, which the catch below turns
+                // into a silent stopSelf(). Declaring location instead would additionally require
+                // a granted location permission before this call, and the settings card asks only
+                // for notifications - so that combination fails silently too.
+                startForeground(NOTIF_ID, notif, ServiceInfo.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC)
             } else {
                 startForeground(NOTIF_ID, notif)
             }
diff --git a/core/data/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/data/aprs/AprsIsClient.kt b/core/data/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/data/aprs/AprsIsClient.kt
index 01e88479..d85fc8fc 100644
--- a/core/data/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/data/aprs/AprsIsClient.kt
+++ b/core/data/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/data/aprs/AprsIsClient.kt
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ class AprsIsClient(
     private val callsign: String,
     private val ssid: String,
     private val passcode: Int,
+    private val softwareName: String,
     private val version: String,
     private val filter: String = "",
     private val timeoutSec: Int = 120
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ class AprsIsClient(
                 loginOutcome = refusal
                 throw IllegalArgumentException(refusal.detail)
             }
-            val login = AprsLogin.line(callsign, ssid, passcode, version, filter)
+            val login = AprsLogin.line(callsign, ssid, passcode, softwareName, version, filter)
             writer?.print(login)
             writer?.print(CRLF)
             writer?.flush()
diff --git a/core/data/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/data/aprs/AprsReporter.kt b/core/data/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/data/aprs/AprsReporter.kt
index c089630b..ed4fa666 100644
--- a/core/data/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/data/aprs/AprsReporter.kt
+++ b/core/data/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/data/aprs/AprsReporter.kt
@@ -142,7 +142,12 @@ class AprsReporter(
                 // Never derives one: a blank or wrong entry logs in receive-only rather than
                 // transmitting under a passcode the app invented for an unchecked licence.
                 passcode = AprsPasscode.loginValue(cfg.callsign, cfg.passcode),
-                version = "Look4Sat 4.5.4"
+                // Two fields, because APRS-IS wants `vers <name> <version>` as separate tokens.
+                // The version is hardcoded and drifts - it read 4.5.4 while the app was 4.6.0.
+                // core:data has no BuildConfig, so fixing that properly means passing it in from
+                // the app module; noting rather than doing it here to keep this change small.
+                softwareName = "Look4Sat",
+                version = "4.6.0"
             ).also { client = it }
             if (!c.isConnected) c.connect()
             onState(AprsState.Connected)
diff --git a/core/data/src/test/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/data/aprs/AprsIsClientSocketTest.kt b/core/data/src/test/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/data/aprs/AprsIsClientSocketTest.kt
index 0678e84f..6977c569 100644
--- a/core/data/src/test/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/data/aprs/AprsIsClientSocketTest.kt
+++ b/core/data/src/test/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/data/aprs/AprsIsClientSocketTest.kt
@@ -102,7 +102,8 @@ class AprsIsClientSocketTest {
         callsign = "TEST",
         ssid = "",
         passcode = passcode,
-        version = "Look4Sat-test"
+        softwareName = "Look4Sat",
+        version = "test"
     )
 
     /**
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ class AprsIsClientSocketTest {
             c.connect()
             assertTrue(server.awaitLogin())
             c.disconnect()
-            assertEquals("user TEST pass 12345 vers Look4Sat-test", server.loginLine)
+            assertEquals("user TEST pass 12345 vers Look4Sat test", server.loginLine)
         }
     }
 
@@ -213,6 +214,34 @@ class AprsIsClientSocketTest {
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * The failure a live server actually produced, and the one that mattered most.
+     *
+     * aprsc answers `# Invalid login: ...` and closes. That is a comment but not a logresp, so it
+     * was skipped as chatter, the login timed out into Unknown - treated as "may be working" - and
+     * every send afterwards reported success. Measured against euro.aprs2.net before the fix:
+     * loginOutcome=Unknown, isRefusedByServer=false, sendPacket=(true, "sent").
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `a refused login is not reported as a successful send`() {
+        FakeServer(loginResponse = "# Invalid login: bad software version").use { server ->
+            server.start()
+            val c = client(server.port)
+            // An outright refusal throws from connect(), which is the correct outcome.
+            val threw = runCatching { c.connect() }.exceptionOrNull()
+            assertTrue(server.awaitLogin())
+            assertFalse("a refused login must not read as verified", c.isVerified)
+            val sentOk = runCatching {
+                c.sendPacket("TEST>APRS,TCPIP*:=0000.00N/00000.00E>x")?.first
+            }.getOrNull()
+            assertTrue(
+                "the refusal must surface: threw=$threw sentOk=$sentOk",
+                threw != null || sentOk != true
+            )
+            c.disconnect()
+        }
+    }
+
     /** Sending after the server has gone must report failure, not success. */
     @Test
     fun `a send after the server closes is reported as failed`() {
diff --git a/core/domain/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/domain/aprs/AprsLogin.kt b/core/domain/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/domain/aprs/AprsLogin.kt
index 3ee48a57..ce222a2b 100644
--- a/core/domain/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/domain/aprs/AprsLogin.kt
+++ b/core/domain/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/domain/aprs/AprsLogin.kt
@@ -51,26 +51,36 @@ object AprsLogin {
         data class Unknown(val detail: String) : Outcome
     }
 
+    /** Any run of whitespace, collapsed to a hyphen inside a single token. */
+    private val WHITESPACE = Regex("""\s+""")
+
     /** Passcode value that asks for a receive-only connection. */
     const val RECEIVE_ONLY_PASSCODE = -1
 
     /**
      * Build the login line.
      *
-     * [version] must not contain a space: the server splits `vers` into a software name and a
-     * version, so an embedded space shifts every field after it. Any space becomes a hyphen
-     * rather than silently corrupting the line.
+     * `vers` takes TWO tokens - a software name and a version, separated by a space. An earlier
+     * version of this replaced that space with a hyphen, reading the rule "softwarename must not
+     * contain a space" as "the field must be a single token". Live aprsc 2.1.21 rejects the result:
+     *
+     *     sent: user N0CALL pass -1 vers Look4Sat-4.5.4
+     *     got:  # Invalid login: software name and version are not separated by a space
+     *
+     * So name and version stay apart, and whitespace is collapsed WITHIN each of them instead.
      */
     fun line(
         callsign: String,
         ssid: String,
         passcode: Int,
+        name: String,
         version: String,
         filter: String = ""
     ): String {
         val callSsid = AprsPacket.formatCallSsid(callsign, ssid)
-        val safeVersion = version.trim().replace(' ', '-').ifEmpty { "Look4Sat" }
-        val base = "user $callSsid pass $passcode vers $safeVersion"
+        val safeName = name.trim().replace(WHITESPACE, "-").ifEmpty { "Look4Sat" }
+        val safeVersion = version.trim().replace(WHITESPACE, "-").ifEmpty { "0" }
+        val base = "user $callSsid pass $passcode vers $safeName $safeVersion"
         val trimmedFilter = filter.trim()
         return if (trimmedFilter.isEmpty()) base else "$base $trimmedFilter"
     }
@@ -93,6 +103,14 @@ object AprsLogin {
             return Outcome.Rejected(trimmed)
         }
         val lower = trimmed.lowercase()
+        // A refusal arrives as a comment and is NOT a logresp: aprsc answers `# Invalid login: ...`
+        // and then closes. Treating that as chatter let the login time out into Unknown, which is
+        // deliberately optimistic - so every send afterwards reported success to an operator the
+        // server had refused. That was the defect this whole rebuild set out to remove, still live
+        // on the path every operator takes.
+        if (lower.contains("invalid login") || lower.contains("login denied")) {
+            return Outcome.Rejected(trimmed.removePrefix("#").trim())
+        }
         if (!lower.contains("logresp")) {
             // Server identification and keepalive comments carry no verdict.
             return null
diff --git a/core/domain/src/test/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/domain/aprs/AprsLoginTest.kt b/core/domain/src/test/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/domain/aprs/AprsLoginTest.kt
index bafee14d..24ebd9a1 100644
--- a/core/domain/src/test/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/domain/aprs/AprsLoginTest.kt
+++ b/core/domain/src/test/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/domain/aprs/AprsLoginTest.kt
@@ -6,59 +6,103 @@ import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
 import org.junit.Test
 
 /**
- * The verified/unverified distinction is the whole point of these tests: an unverified client
- * stays connected and its writes keep succeeding while the server discards every packet, so
- * getting this wrong means the operator watches reports "succeed" for hours with nothing landing.
+ * The verified/unverified distinction is the point of these tests: an unverified client stays
+ * connected and its writes keep succeeding while the server discards every packet, so getting this
+ * wrong means the operator watches reports "succeed" for hours with nothing landing.
+ *
+ * Several are transcriptions of live aprsc 2.1.21 traffic rather than guesses, because an earlier
+ * version of this file froze a wrong login format as correct and that defect survived nine commits
+ * and two audits.
  */
 class AprsLoginTest {
 
     @Test
     fun `builds the line the specification asks for`() {
         assertEquals(
-            "user BG7NTA-5 pass 12345 vers Look4Sat-4.6.0",
-            AprsLogin.line("BG7NTA", "5", 12345, "Look4Sat-4.6.0")
+            "user BG7NTA-5 pass 12345 vers Look4Sat 4.6.0",
+            AprsLogin.line("BG7NTA", "5", 12345, "Look4Sat", "4.6.0")
         )
     }
 
+    /**
+     * The format a live server rejects, and the reason this file was rewritten.
+     *
+     *     sent: user N0CALL pass -1 vers Look4Sat-4.5.4
+     *     got:  # Invalid login: software name and version are not separated by a space
+     *
+     * `vers` is two tokens. The previous code hyphenated the space between them to satisfy the rule
+     * that the software NAME contains no space, and the test asserted that as correct.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `the software name and version stay separate tokens`() {
+        val line = AprsLogin.line("N0CALL", "", AprsLogin.RECEIVE_ONLY_PASSCODE, "Look4Sat", "4.5.4")
+        assertEquals("user N0CALL pass -1 vers Look4Sat 4.5.4", line)
+        assertEquals(7, line.split(" ").size)
+        assertTrue("name and version must not be joined", !line.contains("Look4Sat-4.5.4"))
+    }
+
     /** No SSID means no hyphen; the spec says never to write -0 explicitly. */
     @Test
     fun `omits the ssid when there is none`() {
         assertEquals(
-            "user BG7NTA pass 12345 vers Look4Sat",
-            AprsLogin.line("BG7NTA", "", 12345, "Look4Sat")
+            "user BG7NTA pass 12345 vers Look4Sat 4.6.0",
+            AprsLogin.line("BG7NTA", "", 12345, "Look4Sat", "4.6.0")
         )
     }
 
-    /**
-     * The server splits `vers` into name and version, so a space inside it shifts every field
-     * after that point. The shipped value was "Look4Sat 4.5.4", which parsed correctly only by
-     * luck - and only because nothing followed it.
-     */
+    /** Whitespace inside either token would shift every field after it, so it is collapsed. */
     @Test
-    fun `a space in the version cannot shift the following fields`() {
-        val line = AprsLogin.line("BG7NTA", "5", 12345, "Look4Sat 4.6.0")
-        assertEquals("user BG7NTA-5 pass 12345 vers Look4Sat-4.6.0", line)
-        // Six tokens: user, callsign, pass, passcode, vers, version. A space inside the version
-        // would make seven and push the server's field parsing one place along.
-        assertEquals(6, line.split(" ").size)
+    fun `whitespace within a token is collapsed rather than passed through`() {
+        val line = AprsLogin.line("BG7NTA", "5", 12345, "Look 4 Sat", "4.6.0 beta")
+        assertEquals("user BG7NTA-5 pass 12345 vers Look-4-Sat 4.6.0-beta", line)
+        assertEquals(7, line.split(" ").size)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun `appends a filter when one is given`() {
-        val line = AprsLogin.line("BG7NTA", "5", 12345, "Look4Sat", "r/33.25/-96.5/50")
-        assertEquals("user BG7NTA-5 pass 12345 vers Look4Sat r/33.25/-96.5/50", line)
+        val line = AprsLogin.line("BG7NTA", "5", 12345, "Look4Sat", "4.6.0", "r/33.25/-96.5/50")
+        assertEquals("user BG7NTA-5 pass 12345 vers Look4Sat 4.6.0 r/33.25/-96.5/50", line)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun `receive-only logins use the documented passcode`() {
-        val line = AprsLogin.line("BG7NTA", "", AprsLogin.RECEIVE_ONLY_PASSCODE, "Look4Sat")
-        assertEquals("user BG7NTA pass -1 vers Look4Sat", line)
+        val line = AprsLogin.line("BG7NTA", "", AprsLogin.RECEIVE_ONLY_PASSCODE, "Look4Sat", "4.6.0")
+        assertEquals("user BG7NTA pass -1 vers Look4Sat 4.6.0", line)
+    }
+
+    /** Empty tokens would produce a malformed line, so each has a fallback. */
+    @Test
+    fun `empty name or version does not produce a malformed line`() {
+        val line = AprsLogin.line("BG7NTA", "", 12345, "", "")
+        assertEquals("user BG7NTA pass 12345 vers Look4Sat 0", line)
+        assertEquals(7, line.split(" ").size)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The refusal that used to be invisible. It is a comment but not a logresp, so it was skipped
+     * as chatter; the login then timed out into Unknown, which is treated as "may be working", and
+     * every send afterwards reported success against a server that had refused the login.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `an invalid login comment is a refusal, not chatter`() {
+        val outcome = AprsLogin.parse(
+            "# Invalid login: software name and version are not separated by a space"
+        )
+        assertTrue("must be a refusal, got $outcome", outcome is AprsLogin.Outcome.Rejected)
+        assertEquals(
+            "Invalid login: software name and version are not separated by a space",
+            (outcome as AprsLogin.Outcome.Rejected).detail
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `a login denied comment is also a refusal`() {
+        assertTrue(AprsLogin.parse("# Login denied") is AprsLogin.Outcome.Rejected)
     }
 
     /**
      * "unverified" contains "verified", so the negative has to be tested first. A naive
-     * contains("verified") reports every rejected login as accepted - which is precisely the
-     * failure this replaces.
+     * contains("verified") reports every rejected login as accepted.
      */
     @Test
     fun `unverified is not mistaken for verified`() {
@@ -73,12 +117,12 @@ class AprsLoginTest {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Server identification and keepalive comments must return null so the caller keeps reading.
-     * Treating the first comment as an answer would leave every login Unknown.
+     * Identification and keepalives must return null so the caller keeps reading. The greeting here
+     * is verbatim from aprsc 2.1.21.
      */
     @Test
     fun `comments without a verdict are skipped`() {
-        assertNull(AprsLogin.parse("# aprsc 2.1.19-g730c5c0"))
+        assertNull(AprsLogin.parse("# aprsc 2.1.21-gbfc2090"))
         assertNull(AprsLogin.parse("# Tue Aug 25 08:00:00 UTC 2026"))
         assertNull(AprsLogin.parse(""))
         assertNull(AprsLogin.parse("   "))
@@ -95,8 +139,10 @@ class AprsLoginTest {
     /** A logresp with no recognisable verdict is Unknown, not silently Verified. */
     @Test
     fun `an unrecognised logresp is not treated as success`() {
-        val outcome = AprsLogin.parse("# logresp BG7NTA something-new, server X")
-        assertTrue(outcome is AprsLogin.Outcome.Unknown)
+        assertTrue(
+            AprsLogin.parse("# logresp BG7NTA something-new, server X")
+                is AprsLogin.Outcome.Unknown
+        )
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -109,6 +155,7 @@ class AprsLoginTest {
             AprsLogin.Outcome.Verified("BG7NTA"),
             AprsLogin.parse("# LogResp BG7NTA Verified, server X")
         )
+        assertTrue(AprsLogin.parse("# INVALID LOGIN: nope") is AprsLogin.Outcome.Rejected)
     }
 
     /** The callsign is read back so the UI can show whose login the server acknowledged. */
diff --git a/core/domain/src/test/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/domain/aprs/ForegroundServiceTypeTest.kt b/core/domain/src/test/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/domain/aprs/ForegroundServiceTypeTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95d1c1b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/domain/src/test/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/core/domain/aprs/ForegroundServiceTypeTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+package com.rtbishop.look4sat.core.domain.aprs
+
+import java.io.File
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+
+/**
+ * Guards the one defect no other test in this project could catch.
+ *
+ * The APRS service passes a foreground service type to startForeground, and AOSP requires it to be
+ * a subset of the type declared in the manifest, throwing IllegalArgumentException otherwise -
+ * which the service's own catch turns into a silent stopSelf(). A commit changed the manifest from
+ * dataSync to location and left the code passing dataSync, so APRS started, died and reported
+ * nothing on every device running Android 10 or later, while the settings switch stayed on. Two
+ * auditors found it by reading constants against AOSP; the unit suite could not see it at all,
+ * because the service is untestable on the JVM and the app module has no test source set.
+ *
+ * So this reads both files as text from core:domain, which does have test infrastructure. Crude,
+ * and it says nothing about whether the service works - but it fails the moment those two files
+ * disagree, which is exactly the failure that shipped.
+ */
+class ForegroundServiceTypeTest {
+
+    /** Manifest attribute value to the ServiceInfo constant the code must pass. */
+    private val expectedConstant = mapOf(
+        "dataSync" to "FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC",
+        "location" to "FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION",
+        "connectedDevice" to "FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE",
+        "mediaPlayback" to "FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK",
+        "shortService" to "FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE"
+    )
+
+    /** Manifest attribute value to the permission that must accompany it. */
+    private val requiredPermission = mapOf(
+        "dataSync" to "FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC",
+        "location" to "FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION",
+        "connectedDevice" to "FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE",
+        "mediaPlayback" to "FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK"
+    )
+
+    /**
+     * Walk up from the working directory to the repository root.
+     *
+     * A unit test's working directory is the module directory, but that is not guaranteed across
+     * Gradle versions, so the root is found by looking for settings.gradle.kts rather than assumed.
+     */
+    private val repoRoot: File? by lazy {
+        var dir: File? = File("").absoluteFile
+        while (dir != null && !File(dir, "settings.gradle.kts").isFile) dir = dir.parentFile
+        dir
+    }
+
+    private fun read(relative: String): String? =
+        repoRoot?.let { File(it, relative) }?.takeIf { it.isFile }?.readText()
+
+    private val manifest: String? by lazy { read("app/src/main/AndroidManifest.xml") }
+    private val service: String? by lazy {
+        read("app/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/AprsForegroundService.kt")
+    }
+
+    /** The type declared for the APRS service in the manifest. */
+    private fun declaredType(text: String): String {
+        val match = Regex("""android:foregroundServiceType="([^"]+)"""").find(text)
+        assertTrue("no foregroundServiceType found in the manifest", match != null)
+        return match!!.groupValues[1]
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `the service passes the type its manifest declares`() {
+        val manifestText = manifest
+        val serviceText = service
+        // Skipped rather than failed if the layout moves: a broken locator must not read as a
+        // broken app, and the assertion below is worthless without both files anyway.
+        assumeTrue("manifest or service source not found", manifestText != null && serviceText != null)
+        val declared = declaredType(manifestText!!)
+        val constant = expectedConstant[declared]
+        assertTrue(
+            "unrecognised foregroundServiceType '$declared' - add it to this test's map",
+            constant != null
+        )
+        assertTrue(
+            "manifest declares $declared, so startForeground must pass ServiceInfo.$constant",
+            serviceText!!.contains("ServiceInfo.$constant")
+        )
+    }
+
+    /** Passing any type the manifest does not declare is what AOSP rejects. */
+    @Test
+    fun `the service passes no other foreground service type`() {
+        val manifestText = manifest
+        val serviceText = service
+        assumeTrue("manifest or service source not found", manifestText != null && serviceText != null)
+        val passed = Regex("""ServiceInfo\.(FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_\w+)""")
+            .findAll(serviceText!!)
+            .map { it.groupValues[1] }
+            .toSet()
+        assertEquals(
+            "exactly one type may be passed, and it must match the manifest",
+            setOf(expectedConstant.getValue(declaredType(manifestText!!))),
+            passed
+        )
+    }
+
+    /** The matching permission must be declared, or startForeground throws on API 34 and up. */
+    @Test
+    fun `the manifest declares the permission its service type requires`() {
+        val manifestText = manifest
+        assumeTrue("manifest not found", manifestText != null)
+        val declared = declaredType(manifestText!!)
+        val permission = requiredPermission[declared]
+        assertTrue("no permission mapped for '$declared'", permission != null)
+        assertTrue(
+            "foregroundServiceType $declared requires android.permission.$permission",
+            manifestText.contains("android.permission.$permission")
+        )
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A location-typed service additionally demands an already-granted location permission before
+     * startForeground. The settings card requests only notifications, so declaring location would
+     * fail silently for any operator who declined location access - the same class of defect this
+     * whole test exists to prevent.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `a location typed service would need a runtime permission this app does not request`() {
+        val manifestText = manifest
+        assumeTrue("manifest not found", manifestText != null)
+        assumeTrue("only applies to a location-typed service", declaredType(manifestText!!) == "location")
+        val card = read(
+            "feature/settings/src/main/java/com/rtbishop/look4sat/feature/settings/AprsCard.kt"
+        )
+        assumeTrue("settings card source not found", card != null)
+        assertTrue(
+            "declaring location requires requesting ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION or ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION",
+            card!!.contains("ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION") || card.contains("ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION")
+        )
+    }
+}
diff --git a/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-id/strings.xml b/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-id/strings.xml
index 0994afe7..f2d14566 100644
--- a/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-id/strings.xml
+++ b/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-id/strings.xml
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
     <string name="prefs_aprs_callsign">Tanda panggilan</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_ssid">SSID</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_passcode">Kode sandi</string>
-    <string name="prefs_aprs_passcode_hint">Kosong = otomatis dari panggilan</string>
+    <string name="prefs_aprs_passcode_hint">Passcode kosong = mode terima-saja, laporan tidak diteruskan</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_interval">Interval (menit)</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_status">Teks status</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_symbol_table">Tabel simbol</string>
diff --git a/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-in/strings.xml b/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-in/strings.xml
index e76ae75e..872edb4a 100644
--- a/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-in/strings.xml
+++ b/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-in/strings.xml
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
     <string name="prefs_aprs_callsign">Tanda panggilan</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_ssid">SSID</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_passcode">Kode sandi</string>
-    <string name="prefs_aprs_passcode_hint">Kosong = otomatis dari panggilan</string>
+    <string name="prefs_aprs_passcode_hint">Passcode kosong = mode terima-saja, laporan tidak diteruskan</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_interval">Interval (menit)</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_status">Teks status</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_symbol_table">Tabel simbol</string>
diff --git a/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-tr/strings.xml b/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-tr/strings.xml
index cc3cf9ef..e1a98b67 100644
--- a/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-tr/strings.xml
+++ b/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-tr/strings.xml
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
     <string name="prefs_aprs_callsign">Çağrı işareti</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_ssid">SSID</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_passcode">Parola</string>
-    <string name="prefs_aprs_passcode_hint">Parola boş = çağrıdan otomatik hesaplanır</string>
+    <string name="prefs_aprs_passcode_hint">Passcode bos = yalnizca alma modu, raporlar iletilmez</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_interval">Aralık (dakika)</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_status">Durum metni</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_symbol_table">Sembol tablosu</string>
diff --git a/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-zh/strings.xml b/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-zh/strings.xml
index 8093fcb6..76d49aac 100644
--- a/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-zh/strings.xml
+++ b/core/presentation/src/main/res/values-zh/strings.xml
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
     <string name="prefs_aprs_callsign">呼号</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_ssid">SSID</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_passcode">验证码</string>
-    <string name="prefs_aprs_passcode_hint">验证码留空 = 按呼号自动计算</string>
+    <string name="prefs_aprs_passcode_hint">验证码留空 = 只收模式, 上报不会被转发</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_interval">周期(分钟)</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_status">状态文本</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_symbol_table">符号表</string>
diff --git a/core/presentation/src/main/res/values/strings.xml b/core/presentation/src/main/res/values/strings.xml
index 8b9fd427..2acf5e0a 100644
--- a/core/presentation/src/main/res/values/strings.xml
+++ b/core/presentation/src/main/res/values/strings.xml
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
     <string name="prefs_aprs_callsign">Callsign</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_ssid">SSID</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_passcode">Passcode</string>
-    <string name="prefs_aprs_passcode_hint">Passcode empty = auto-computed from callsign</string>
+    <string name="prefs_aprs_passcode_hint">Passcode empty = receive-only, reports are not forwarded</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_interval">Interval (min)</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_status">Status text</string>
     <string name="prefs_aprs_symbol_table">Symbol table</string>