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class="arrow down"></span></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-1"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>法律法规</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-1"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>办事指南</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-1"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>概念介绍</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-1"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>设备选择</span> <span class="arrow down"></span></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/pages/1b5341/" class="sidebar-link">设备选择概述</a></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-2"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>按设备类型选择</span> <span class="arrow down"></span></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/pages/370453/" class="sidebar-link">手持对讲</a></li><li><a href="/pages/4c093c/" aria-current="page" class="active sidebar-link">短波电台</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header level2"><a href="/pages/4c093c/#大功率-还是小功率" class="sidebar-link">大功率,还是小功率?</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level2"><a href="/pages/4c093c/#新b如何选择电台" class="sidebar-link">新B如何选择电台</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level2"><a href="/pages/4c093c/#购买短波电台需要买什么" class="sidebar-link">购买短波电台需要买什么</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level2"><a href="/pages/4c093c/#低预算入门-不推荐" class="sidebar-link">低预算入门(不推荐!)</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level2"><a href="/pages/4c093c/#更低预算入门" class="sidebar-link">更低预算入门</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/pages/04f629/" class="sidebar-link">车载电台</a></li></ul></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-2"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>按使用场景选择</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-2"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>天线</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><a href="/pages/42e178/" class="sidebar-link">设备相关法律法规问题</a></li></ul></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-1"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>开始通联</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-1"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>活动</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-1"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>竞赛</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-1"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>奖状</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-1"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>团体与组织</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-1"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>书籍推荐</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li></ul></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>百宝箱</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li></ul> </aside> <div><main class="page"><div class="theme-vdoing-wrapper "><div class="articleInfo-wrap" data-v-06225672><div class="articleInfo" data-v-06225672><ul class="breadcrumbs" data-v-06225672><li data-v-06225672><a href="/" title="首页" class="iconfont icon-home router-link-active" data-v-06225672></a></li> <li data-v-06225672><a href="/categories/?category=HamCQ%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="分类" data-v-06225672>HamCQ手册</a></li><li data-v-06225672><a href="/categories/?category=%E8%B5%B0%E8%BF%9B%E4%B8%9A%E4%BD%99%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5" title="分类" data-v-06225672>走进业余无线电</a></li><li data-v-06225672><a href="/categories/?category=%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9" title="分类" data-v-06225672>设备选择</a></li><li data-v-06225672><a href="/categories/?category=%E6%8C%89%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9" title="分类" data-v-06225672>按设备类型选择</a></li></ul> <div class="info" data-v-06225672><!----> <div title="创建时间" class="date iconfont icon-riqi" data-v-06225672><a href="javascript:;" data-v-06225672>2024-07-18</a></div> <!----></div></div></div> <!----> <div class="content-wrapper"><div class="right-menu-wrapper"><div class="right-menu-margin"><div class="right-menu-title">目录</div> <div class="right-menu-content"></div></div></div> <h1><!---->短波电台<!----></h1> <!----> <div class="theme-vdoing-content content__default"><blockquote><p>本文编辑:@BG4IJK</p></blockquote> <p>当你考取 B 类操作证之后,你就可以考虑购买短波电台,进而尝试更远距离、更多模式的通联了。</p> <p>短波电台选择也比较多,考虑到短波情况更为复杂,如果你不了解短波电台,可考虑台友常买的设备,例如 <code>ICOM IC-7300</code> 或 <code>八重洲FT-891</code> 。这两款都是大功率短波电台,前者适合作为基地台使用,后者适合车载使用,但台友普遍反映八重洲的操作不友好,没有野架车载需求的可考虑前者。</p> <h2 id="大功率-还是小功率"><a href="#大功率-还是小功率" class="header-anchor">#</a> 大功率,还是小功率?</h2> <p>虽然无线电大佬经常能做到小功率通全球,但这仰赖着强大的天馈系统,以及丰富的操作经验。如果你没有短波基础,直接上小功率,你可能会发现,你只能听台友通联,但是没有人搭理你,因为自己根本没喊出去,结果是时间一长就直接劝退了。</p> <p>所以建议新手直接上大功率台,等操作水平提高了,自己把机器功率调小就行。就算不方便携带,你到时再买一台机器就行,反正你已经有操作经验,当然不怕劝退。</p> <h2 id="新b如何选择电台"><a href="#新b如何选择电台" class="header-anchor">#</a> 新 B 如何选择电台</h2> <p>不幸的是,新规出台以后,在 2024 年 3 月 1 日之后考取 B 类操作证的,短波发射功率限制由 100W 变为小于 15W,因此电台的选择比较受限。</p> <p>如果你是新 B,可按以下方式选择电台:</p> <ul><li>如果你所在省份允许大功率电台按 15W 以下办理小执照,建议直接购买 100W 的大功率电台,承诺 15W 以下使用,先把地方的小执照办出来。实际使用的时候,把旋扭拧一下,功率就降下来了。</li> <li>如果不能办理,那么建议购买一台小功率电台,先把执照办出来再说,攒够 18 个月之后再去考 C 证。
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<ul><li>如果你只想办执照,不想操作这台机器,那么最便宜的选择是 <code>协谷G106C</code> ,价格 1500 左右。</li> <li>如果你动手能力强,而且恰好有各种工具,也可以自制电台(例如 uSDX),通过验机程序上执照。</li></ul></li></ul> <p>有一类电台是全波段电台,例如 IC-705,既支持短波,又支持 UV 段。由于这类机器价格往往非常高,甚至比分别买两台机器还高,如果你刚入门,不建议从这类机器入手。</p> <h3 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="header-anchor">#</a> 注意事项</h3> <ol><li>由于考 B 操作证的前提是设 A 台满六个月,如果你只想玩短波,也请先随便买个对讲机,把执照办出来。</li> <li>由于考 C 操作证的前提是设 B 台满 18 个月,而老 B 等工信部设台往往要一年左右,新 B 不能去找工信部设台,所以如果想考 C 证,最好先把地方小执照办出来。大功率机器不能按 15W 办证的,那就先买台小功率机器,把执照办出来再说。</li> <li>由于操作短波电台经常被外行误认为是 “间谍” 行为,在取得执照之前,请避免在公共场合使用电台,哪怕只收听不发射。如果你在收听时被举报,即使你没有发射,可能也会因为你的机器有发射按钮,执法人员就做出罚款和没收机器的处罚(<a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/yrT1O6Y9MC86M8YiDzBJhw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">实际案例,虽然不是短波段<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a>)。</li></ol> <h2 id="购买短波电台需要买什么"><a href="#购买短波电台需要买什么" class="header-anchor">#</a> 购买短波电台需要买什么</h2> <p>以下是一份短波电台的购物清单,可参照选择配件,一步到位,以免来来回回地下单、反反复复地等快递:</p> <ul><li>电台
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<ul><li>电台本体</li> <li>保护壳或支架:野架时可考虑</li> <li>机头分离套件:装车时可考虑</li></ul></li> <li>天馈系统
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<ul><li>天线:短波天线比较复杂,后面将专门讨论这个问题</li> <li>馈线(馈管):一般情况使用馈线,在房顶架设天线建议考虑馈管。购买时需留意是否带接头</li> <li>地网:与 UV 段不同,短波天线必须要匹配地网,否则驻波很大,容易损坏机器</li> <li>防雷装置:如果在房顶架设天线,需考虑防雷问题</li> <li>支架、拉绳:如果在房顶或野外架设天线,例如 5 米倒 V,必须把天线固定好</li> <li>夹边或吸盘:如果在车上使用,需通过夹边或吸盘来固定天线</li></ul></li> <li>电源
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<ul><li>基地台使用:需考虑 12V 电源,可购买专门的电台电源,也可以用服务器电源改造</li> <li>车载使用:如果是小功率电台(发射功率不足 20W),可考虑接到点烟器上;超过 20W,严禁用点烟器供电,必须接到汽车电瓶上面</li> <li>野架使用:需考虑合适的电池,小功率台电池容量可 5~10Ah,大功率台容量应超过 20Ah,电池必须考虑安全问题,购买合格产品,以免电池自燃</li></ul></li> <li>配件:可根据实际需求选择
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<ul><li>天调(天线调谐器):如果机器不带天调,天线调节麻烦,可借助天调进行调节</li> <li>网络分析仪:如果不使用天调,可通过网络分析仪来测量天线驻波比,帮助调节天线</li> <li>电键:CW 模式使用</li> <li>FT8 数据线:FT8 模式使用。</li> <li>电台与电脑连接线:FT8 模式使用。有的电台自带,有的需要另外购买。</li> <li>电脑:FT8 模式使用</li></ul></li></ul> <p>注意事项:</p> <ul><li>野架装备要考虑重量和是否易于携带</li> <li>天线需考虑在什么场合下使用,是放房顶,还是装车,还是野外临时架台用,根据需要来选择合适类型的天线</li> <li>馈线和地网要测量好长度,与天线适用场合匹配。馈线不能打弯,所以长度尽量不要过长。</li> <li>天线、馈线、电台三者接头类型要匹配,通常是 M 头。如果不是,可购买转接头</li> <li>电源要考虑电线长度,不够要考虑延长,并且要注意接头类型</li> <li>电源要考虑额定电流,发射功率 100W 的电台,额定电流应超过 30A</li> <li>数据线务必套磁环,多套几个也没问题,否则一发射就会出现各种灵异现象</li></ul> <p>有关车载安装的注意事项,参见按<a href="/pages/c18790/">使用场景选择 - 车用</a>。</p> <h2 id="低预算入门-不推荐"><a href="#低预算入门-不推荐" class="header-anchor">#</a> 低预算入门(不推荐!)</h2> <p>短波电台通常价格非常昂贵,如果你预算实在不足,但是还非常想入短波坑,可考虑以下方案:</p> <h3 id="成品机"><a href="#成品机" class="header-anchor">#</a> 成品机</h3> <ul><li>机器:协谷 G90N,大约 2500,或协谷 G106C,大约 1500</li> <li>天馈:
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<ul><li>车用或家用:成都 M 哥 MA-01 车载天线 + 地网 + 馈线 + 夹边,天线价格大约 260,地网、馈线、夹边,大约 150</li></ul></li> <li>电源:
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<ul><li>车用:可自己做一个点烟器电源放车上</li> <li>家用:可买专门的 12V 电源(250),也可以买服务器电源改装</li> <li>野架用:5~10Ah 磷酸铁锂电池</li></ul></li> <li>其他配件:FT8 数据线(50)、M 哥家的网分(250,G90N 带天调,可以不买),玩 CW 的话需要再买个电键(200 左右)</li> <li>电脑:自备,不计入预算。车用或野架用需准备续航耐用的笔记本电脑。</li> <li>总价格:3500 左右(G90N)或 2500 左右(G106C)</li></ul> <p>需要注意的是,在该方案中,机器功率不大(G90N<a href="https://forum.hamcq.cn/d/1984" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> 正常情况下<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a>只有 10W,G106C 只有 5W),天馈效率很低,所以基本上只能玩 FT8 或 CW。如果有条件,建议还是加大预算。</p> <h3 id="自制机"><a href="#自制机" class="header-anchor">#</a> 自制机</h3> <p>如果熟悉电路,动手能力很强,可考虑自制短波机器 uSDX,参见《<a href="https://forum.hamcq.cn/d/1925" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">分享一下 uSDX QRP 小电台的 diy 心得<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a>》(作者:BI4KSR)。</p> <p>电路图、配件与组装说明参见<a href="https://gitee.com/csqwdy/usdx" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> gitee 开源项目<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a>,如果你手头已有焊台、万用表之类的各种工具,那么自制机的成本约 200。</p> <p>建议先咨询当地能否验机,然后再进行制作。</p> <h2 id="更低预算入门"><a href="#更低预算入门" class="header-anchor">#</a> 更低预算入门</h2> <p>如果你只有 500 块钱,没关系,你也能入短波坑 —— 收音机!</p> <p>像 HAM 一样,短波收听者也有一个专门的词语,叫做 SWL,而且收听也可以收发卡片。</p> <p>如果决定入坑收音机,有两类选择:</p> <ul><li>一种是实体的收音机,例如短波的德生 PL-330、全波段的汉荣达 HRD-747。有钱的话也可以上 ICOM IC-R30 这样的接收机。</li> <li>另一种是 SDR,即软件无线电,通过电脑(手机)和一些设备来控制无线电设备,例如 RTL-SDR 电视棒子,可以接到电脑上收听,支持的频段和模式比收音机更丰富。</li></ul> <p>如果预算多一些,还可以考虑两个一起买,SDR 找台,找到之后用收音机听。</p> <p>纯收听设备不需要操作证,也不需要办理执照,只是考 C 类操作证需要设 B 台满 18 个月,所以有志给证书升级的,还是要买台能办执照的发射设备。</p></div></div> <!----> <div class="page-edit"><!----> <!----> <!----></div> <div class="page-nav-wapper"><!----> <!----></div></div> <!----></main></div> <div class="footer"><div class="icons"><a href="mailto:contact@hamcq.cn" title="联系我们" target="_blank" class="iconfont icon-youjian"></a><a href="https://github.com/HamCQ/Handbook" title="Github" target="_blank" class="iconfont icon-github"></a><a href="https://www.zhihu.com/column/c_1327659699995885568" title="知乎" target="_blank" class="iconfont icon-zhihu"></a><a href="https://forum.hamcq.cn/d/826" title="微信公众号" target="_blank" class="iconfont icon-weixin"></a></div>
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