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不过现在的爱好者们可以借助各种数字设备来产生和传输数字信号，这些数字信号有些设计用来传递数字信息，比如图片、电子邮件或者短信；
也有些通过其特别设计过的调制方式来抵抗衰落等情况，从而增加传输的距离。</p> <p>数字模式需要数字设备或者软件来处理基带信号，一般将这种设备或软件称为调制解调器。
但遗憾的是，出于种种原因，大部分电台都不会搭载调制解调器，即使搭载了，一般也只有用于 APRS 和数字语音模式的调制解调器。
因此许多数字模式都必须要使用外置的调制解调器处理基带信号并传输至电台的信号输入输出接口，通过电台进一步调制后进行发射。</p> <div class="custom-block tip"><p class="custom-block-title">什么是基带？</p> <p>频率处于 0Hz 附近的信号。在电信中，基带信号一般是指未经调制，或已经被解调的信号。有时也泛指经过射频前端处理后的信号。</p></div> <p>外置调制解调器通常会利用电台已有的功能来传输数字信号，常见的有三种：</p> <ol><li>单边带调制（SSB）：由于单边带模式调制前后频谱不变，只有频率改变。因此调制解调器只需按照原样处理信号即可，这意味着单边带调制可以支持传输任意类型的信号。常用于 FT8 等弱信号模式或正交振幅调制（QAM）等复杂信号。对于业余无线电来说，大部分使用这种模式的数字信号仍然遵守 9MHz 以上使用上边带、9MHz 以下使用下边带的规则。</li> <li>音频信号：几乎所有电台都支持传输音频信号，因此调制解调器只要将数字信号转化为特定的音频，就可以通过任意可传输音频的方式来传递数字信号。常用于 APRS、SSTV 等。</li> <li>频率调制（FM）：由于 UHF 和 VHF 电台多数都只支持 FM 模式，而这种模式无法随意的调整振幅，因此需要调制解调器对此进行专门设计，一般也需要 FM 电台具备不会原样输入输出信号的接口（也叫数传接口或 9600 接口）。虽然也可以支持一些复杂信号，但还是更常用于各种频移键控信号，最为常见的用途就是各种数字语音信号。</li></ol> <p>为了方便起见，调制解调器还会通过计算机辅助收发机（Computer Aided Transceiver，CAT）来控制电台，读取、调节频率或其他设置。但假如电台过老则可能无法接受控制，而非业余电台则可能使用其他控制方式。</p> <p>常用的控制接口有 DIN 和 mini DIN 接口（圆形接口）、RS-232 接口或 TRS 接口（音频线接口）。对于较新的电台，更可能直接使用 USB 或蓝牙，将自己同时作为音频设备和串口设备连接到计算机，可以使用一根 USB 线或不使用线缆即可传输信号和进行控制。</p> <p>需要注意的是，不同厂家使用的 CAT 通信协议有所不同，使用时需要在调制解调器的设置中选择好使用的设备型号，否则可能无法进行控制。</p> <div class="custom-block tip"><p class="custom-block-title">DIN接口</p> <p>由德国标准化协会（Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.）制定的一系列连接器规范，共通点是外面是圆形金属屏蔽壳，内部则是许多根针脚。</p> <p>DIN 接口是一系列接口的统称，不同的具体规范代表了不同的针脚数量和排列方式，因此只说 DIN 接口是无法确定具体接口类型的，要么带上具体的标准号，比如 <code>DIN45326</code> ，要么带上设备的型号，或者省事起见，干脆拍照发出来。</p></div> <p>只是使用的话，下面的内容可以不看。</p> <h1 id="同相正交信号与星座图"><a href="#同相正交信号与星座图" class="header-anchor">#</a> 同相正交信号与星座图</h1> <p>由于有些数字信号调制比较复杂，因此先将原始信号分解后进行处理是一个更好的选择。
常用的方式就是分解为同相（In-phase）和正交（Quadrature）两种信号，即 IQ 信号。</p> <p>接收到的原始信号进入机器后会分为两路，一路与电台内部的本振进行混合，产生同相信号；另一路会与本振的 90° 移相进行混合，产生正交信号。
两路信号互为正交关系，因此可以在一个二维坐标系中表示。这就将原本一维的运动变成了二维的运动，根据选用坐标系的不同，有圆形和矩形两种画法。
在二维运动的基础上，加入随时间变化的记录，会出现一个图形，这个图形叫做星座图。</p> <p>由于模拟信号是连续变化，它的星座图也会显得比较混乱，因此意义较小。不过数字信号因为传输的是离散信息，所以星座图会聚集在一起，形成一些明显的点位。举个例子，DMR 和 YSF 使用 4FSK 信号，在星座图中，会有 <code>00</code> <code>01</code> <code>10</code> <code>11</code>  四个点。假如信号在传播时候有些干扰，在星座图中就会产生偏移，这时候只要查看信号距离哪个点更为接近，那就能轻易的还原出没有干扰时候的信息。</p></div></div> <!----> <div class="page-edit"><!----> <!----> <!----></div> <div class="page-nav-wapper"><!----> <!----></div></div> <!----></main></div> <div class="footer"><div class="icons"><a href="mailto:contact@hamcq.cn" title="联系我们" target="_blank" class="iconfont icon-youjian"></a><a href="https://github.com/HamCQ/Handbook" title="Github" target="_blank" class="iconfont icon-github"></a><a href="https://www.zhihu.com/column/c_1327659699995885568" title="知乎" target="_blank" class="iconfont icon-zhihu"></a><a href="https://forum.hamcq.cn/d/826" title="微信公众号" target="_blank" class="iconfont icon-weixin"></a></div> 
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