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<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></nav> <ul class="sidebar-links"><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>介绍</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>走进业余无线电</span> <span class="arrow down"></span></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-1"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>法律法规</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-1"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>办事指南</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-1"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>基础知识</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-1"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>搭建你的电台站</span> <span class="arrow down"></span></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable is-sub-group depth-2"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>选择电台</span> <span class="arrow down"></span></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/pages/1b5341/" class="sidebar-link">设备选择概述</a></li><li><a href="/pages/370453/" class="sidebar-link">UHF和VHF频段对讲机</a></li><li><a href="/pages/4c093c/" aria-current="page" class="active sidebar-link">全模式和短波电台</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header level2"><a href="/pages/4c093c/#新b如何选择电台" class="sidebar-link">新B如何选择电台</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level2"><a href="/pages/4c093c/#全频段和uhf-vhf全模式" class="sidebar-link">全频段和UHF/VHF全模式</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level2"><a href="/pages/4c093c/#好了我这就下单" class="sidebar-link">好了我这就下单?</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level2"><a href="/pages/4c093c/#排行榜" class="sidebar-link">排行榜</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level2"><a href="/pages/4c093c/#注意事项" class="sidebar-link">注意事项</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level2"><a href="/pages/4c093c/#新b低预算入门-不推荐" class="sidebar-link">新B低预算入门(不推荐!)</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level2"><a href="/pages/4c093c/#更低预算入门" class="sidebar-link">更低预算入门</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/pages/efa8c9/" class="sidebar-link">品牌介绍</a></li></ul></section></li><li><section 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data-v-06225672><div class="articleInfo" data-v-06225672><ul class="breadcrumbs" data-v-06225672><li data-v-06225672><a href="/" title="首页" class="iconfont icon-home router-link-active" data-v-06225672></a></li> <li data-v-06225672><a href="/categories/?category=HamCQ%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="分类" data-v-06225672>HamCQ手册</a></li><li data-v-06225672><a href="/categories/?category=%E8%B5%B0%E8%BF%9B%E4%B8%9A%E4%BD%99%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5" title="分类" data-v-06225672>走进业余无线电</a></li><li data-v-06225672><a href="/categories/?category=%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E4%BD%A0%E7%9A%84%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0%E7%AB%99" title="分类" data-v-06225672>搭建你的电台站</a></li><li data-v-06225672><a href="/categories/?category=%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="分类" data-v-06225672>选择电台</a></li></ul> <div class="info" data-v-06225672><!----> <div title="创建时间" class="date iconfont icon-riqi" data-v-06225672><a href="javascript:;" data-v-06225672>2024-07-18</a></div> <!----></div></div></div> <!----> <div class="content-wrapper"><div class="right-menu-wrapper"><div class="right-menu-margin"><div class="right-menu-title">目录</div> <div class="right-menu-content"></div></div></div> <h1><!---->全模式和短波电台<!----></h1> <!----> <div class="theme-vdoing-content content__default"><blockquote><p>本文编辑:@BG4IJK,@BloodBlade</p></blockquote> <p>当你考取 B 类操作证之后,你就可以考虑购买短波电台。由于短波波长更长,而且会被电离层反射,因此你可以用它尝试更远距离、更多模式的通联了。</p> <p>出于频带计划的要求,短波电台几乎都是全模式电台,至少也要支持等幅电报(CW)和单边带(SSB)模式。</p> <p>由于业余频段在短波带中一共划分了 10 个不同的频段,且业余短波电台通常还要额外支持业余中波的 1.8MHz 频段和 VHF 的 50MHz 频段,因此必须具备庞大的滤波器组合,很难缩小体积。所以几乎见不到手持机型。</p> <h2 id="新b如何选择电台"><a href="#新b如何选择电台" class="header-anchor">#</a> 新 B 如何选择电台</h2> <p>不幸的是,新规出台以后,在 2024 年 3 月 1 日之后考取 B 类操作证的,短波发射功率限制由 100W 变为小于 15W,因此电台的选择比较受限。</p> <p>如果你是新 B,可按以下方式选择电台:</p> <ul><li>如果你所在省份允许大功率电台按 15W 以下办理小执照,建议直接购买 100W 的大功率电台,承诺 15W 以下使用,先把地方的小执照办出来。实际使用的时候,把旋扭拧一下,功率就降下来了。</li> <li>如果不能办理,那么建议购买一台小功率电台,先把执照办出来再说,攒够 18 个月之后再去考 C 证。
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<ul><li>如果你想买一台足够使用的设备先玩起来,建议选择 <code>协谷G90N</code> ,虽然机器本身并不算很好,但是它具有非常强大的内置天线调谐器,对于不太会设置天线的新手来说非常合适。</li> <li>如果你只想办执照,不想操作这台机器,那么最便宜的选择是 <code>协谷G106C</code> ,价格 1500 左右。</li> <li>如果你动手能力强,而且恰好有各种工具,也可以自制电台,通过验机程序上执照。</li></ul></li></ul> <h3 id="大功率"><a href="#大功率" class="header-anchor">#</a> 大功率?</h3> <p>虽然无线电大佬经常能做到小功率通全球,但这仰赖着强大的天馈系统,以及丰富的操作经验。如果你没有短波基础,直接上小功率,你可能会发现,你只能听台友通联,但是没有人搭理你,因为自己根本没喊出去,结果是时间一长就直接劝退了。</p> <p>所以建议新手直接上大功率台,等操作水平提高了,自己把机器功率调小就行。就算不方便携带,你到时再买一台机器就行,反正你已经有操作经验,当然不怕劝退。</p> <p>入门更建议选择更新和功能更全的设备,可考虑台友常买的 <code>ICOM IC-7300</code> 和 <code>八重洲FT-710</code> ,这两者都具有频谱瀑布图和天线调谐器。稍微降低一些预算则可以考虑 <code>八重洲FT-891</code> 。前两者体积较大,适合作为基地台使用,但也没那么大,可以拎出去野架;后者尺寸较小,适合车载使用,也可作为基地台和野架使用。</p> <p>假如预算有限的话,可以选择 <code>Icom IC-718</code> ,这款经典机型甚至有着下架之后又再次上市的传奇经历,但它不支持 6m 波段。国内价格便宜的购买方式多为二手机型,因此要擦亮眼睛。
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还有 <code>Yaesu FT-891</code> 也是比较流行的选择,它的体积较小,适合野架或装车,也有 6m 波段。这两款都是传统架构,没有搭载新型的 SDR 技术,也都没有内置天调、实时频谱和瀑布图功能。</p> <h2 id="全频段和uhf-vhf全模式"><a href="#全频段和uhf-vhf全模式" class="header-anchor">#</a> 全频段和 UHF/VHF 全模式</h2> <p>除了短波全模式电台之外,还有全频段电台和 UHF/VHF 频段全模式电台。</p> <p>通常全频段是指 1.8MHz 到 430MHz 的业余频段,典型设备有 Icom 的 <code>IC-7100</code> 和 <code>IC-705</code> 以及八重洲的 <code>FT-991A</code> 、 <code>FTX-1</code> 和 <code>FT-818</code> 。这类设备通常大都是专门面向野架和车载场景设计的,价格并不便宜。
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打算车载安装的话,可以选 <code>FTX-1 Optima</code> 和 <code>IC-7100</code> , 野架则可以选择 <code>IC-705</code> 和 <code>FTX-1 Field</code> 。两款 <code>FTX-1</code> 机型本体没有区别,唯一的区别是安装了电池配件还是大功率配件。</p> <p>而 UHF/VHF 全模式则通常是指 144MHz 到 1.2GHz,也有一部分只能工作在 144MHz 和 430MHz。典型设备有 Icom 的 IC-9700 和 IC-905。这类设备主要面向高阶玩家,如空间通信的月面反射通信、线性卫星转发器,以及一些需要占用更高带宽的玩法,例如调频电视。由于频率更高,价格十分昂贵。</p> <p>更高的频段,诸如 IC-905 提供了 5GHz、10GHz 等超高频频段对地理位置要求很高,几乎只能用于在山顶通联。但由于这些波段波长较短,可以使用增益极高的定向天线,甚至可以用几百毫瓦实现上百公里的 DX 通信。</p> <h2 id="好了我这就下单"><a href="#好了我这就下单" class="header-anchor">#</a> 好了我这就下单?</h2> <p>全模式台不像手持对讲机一样开箱即用,因此建议根据你的使用情况,参考部署台站一节与所需配件一起下单,节省时间和运费。</p> <p>如果你要把机器带出家门来使用,可以参考<a href="/pages/a1e1b9/">野架</a>或<a href="/pages/04f629/">车载</a>章节。</p> <p>如果你打算在家里使用,可以查看<a href="/pages/7e8edc/">固定台站</a>章节。</p> <h2 id="排行榜"><a href="#排行榜" class="header-anchor">#</a> 排行榜</h2> <p>实际上有一个关于短波接收性能的排行榜,如果你是参数 / 跑分爱好者,显然可以跟着这个排行来选择设备。</p> <p><a href="http://sherweng.com/table.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sherwood Receiver Test Data<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a></p> <h2 id="注意事项"><a href="#注意事项" class="header-anchor">#</a> 注意事项</h2> <ol><li>由于考 B 操作证的前提是设 A 台满六个月,如果你只想玩短波,也请先随便买个对讲机,把执照办出来。</li> <li>由于考 C 操作证的前提是设 B 台满 18 个月,而老 B 等工信部设台往往要一年左右,新 B 不能去找工信部设台,所以如果想考 C 证,最好先把地方小执照办出来。大功率机器不能按 15W 办证的,那就先买台小功率机器,把执照办出来再说。</li> <li>由于操作短波电台经常被外行误认为是 “间谍” 行为,在取得执照之前,请避免在公共场合使用电台,哪怕只收听不发射。如果你在收听时被举报,即使你没有发射,可能也会因为你的机器有发射按钮,执法人员就做出罚款和没收机器的处罚(<a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/yrT1O6Y9MC86M8YiDzBJhw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">实际案例,虽然不是短波段<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a>)。</li></ol> <h2 id="新b低预算入门-不推荐"><a href="#新b低预算入门-不推荐" class="header-anchor">#</a> 新 B 低预算入门(不推荐!)</h2> <p>短波电台通常价格非常昂贵,如果你预算实在不足,但是还非常想入短波坑,可考虑以下方案:</p> <h3 id="成品机"><a href="#成品机" class="header-anchor">#</a> 成品机</h3> <ul><li>机器:协谷 G90N,大约 2500,或协谷 G106C,大约 1500</li> <li>天馈:
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<ul><li>车用或家用:成都 M 哥 MA-01 车载天线 + 地网 + 馈线 + 夹边,天线价格大约 260,地网、馈线、夹边,大约 150</li></ul></li> <li>电源:
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<ul><li>车用:可自己做一个点烟器电源放车上</li> <li>家用:可买专门的 12V 电源(250),也可以买服务器电源改装</li> <li>野架用:5~10Ah 磷酸铁锂电池</li></ul></li> <li>其他配件:FT8 数据线(50)、NanoVNA 矢量网络分析仪(250,G90N 带天调,可以不买),玩 CW 的话需要再买个电键(200 左右)</li> <li>电脑:自备,不计入预算。车用或野架用需准备续航耐用的笔记本电脑。</li> <li>总价格:3500 左右(G90N)或 2500 左右(G106C)</li></ul> <p>需要注意的是,在该方案中,机器功率不大(G90N<a href="https://forum.hamcq.cn/d/1984" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> 正常情况下<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a>只有 10W,G106C 只有 5W),天馈效率很低,所以基本上只能玩 FT8 或 CW。如果有条件,建议还是加大预算。</p> <h3 id="自制机"><a href="#自制机" class="header-anchor">#</a> <a href="/pages/fe2bc6/#自制">自制机</a></h3> <p>如果你不是很熟悉电子与射频的话,不建议将自制设备作为入坑设备。</p> <h2 id="更低预算入门"><a href="#更低预算入门" class="header-anchor">#</a> 更低预算入门</h2> <p>如果你只有 500 块钱,没关系,你也能入短波坑 —— 收音机!</p> <p>像 HAM 一样,短波收听者也有一个专门的词语,叫做 SWL,而且收听也可以收发卡片。</p> <p>如果决定入坑收音机,有两类选择:</p> <ul><li>一种是实体的收音机,例如短波的德生 PL-330、全波段的汉荣达 HRD-747。有钱的话也可以上 ICOM IC-R30 这样的接收机。</li> <li>另一种是 SDR,即软件无线电,通过电脑(手机)和一些设备来控制无线电设备,例如 RTL-SDR 电视棒子,可以接到电脑上收听,支持的频段和模式比收音机更丰富。</li></ul> <p>如果预算多一些,还可以考虑两个一起买,SDR 找台,找到之后用收音机听。</p> <p>纯收听设备不需要操作证,也不需要办理执照,只是考 C 类操作证需要设 B 台满 18 个月,所以有志给证书升级的,还是要买台能办执照的发射设备。</p></div></div> <!----> <div class="page-edit"><!----> <!----> <!----></div> <div class="page-nav-wapper"><!----> <!----></div></div> <!----></main></div> <div class="footer"><div class="icons"><a href="mailto:contact@hamcq.cn" title="联系我们" target="_blank" class="iconfont icon-youjian"></a><a href="https://github.com/HamCQ/Handbook" title="Github" target="_blank" class="iconfont icon-github"></a><a href="https://www.zhihu.com/column/c_1327659699995885568" title="知乎" target="_blank" class="iconfont icon-zhihu"></a><a href="https://forum.hamcq.cn/d/826" title="微信公众号" target="_blank" class="iconfont icon-weixin"></a></div>
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